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The chair and twist-boat are energy minima and are therefore conformers, while the half-chair and the boat are transition states and represent energy maxima. The idea that the chair conformation is the most stable structure for cyclohexane was first proposed as early as 1890 by Hermann Sachse, but only gained widespread acceptance much later.
Molecular structure diagrams used in drug-related pharmacology articles should be created using a molecule editor program, such as ChemDraw, ChemSketch, or ISIS/Draw (ChemDraw and Isis/draw are commercial software packages, ChemSketch is freeware.
Cyclohexyl chloride (or chlorocyclohexane) is a chlorinated hydrocarbon with the formula (CH 2) 5 CHCl. It is a colorless liquid. It is a colorless liquid. Cyclohexyl chloride can be prepared from cyclohexanol by treatment with hydrogen chloride .
[3] [4] This diagram style is an alternative to a sawhorse projection, which views a carbon–carbon bond from an oblique angle, or a wedge-and-dash style, such as a Natta projection. These other styles can indicate the bonding and stereochemistry , but not as much conformational detail.
If we hold carbon atoms 1, 2, and 3 stationary, with the correct bond lengths and the tetrahedral angle between the two bonds, and then continue by adding carbon atoms 4, 5, and 6 with the correct bond length and the tetrahedral angle, we can vary the three dihedral angles for the sequences (2,3,4), (3,4,5), and (4,5,6).
For example, the industrial production of chloroethane proceeds by the reaction of ethylene with HCl: H 2 C=CH 2 + HCl → CH 3 CH 2 Cl. In oxychlorination, hydrogen chloride instead of the more expensive chlorine is used for the same purpose: CH 2 =CH 2 + 2 HCl + 1 ⁄ 2 O 2 → ClCH 2 CH 2 Cl + H 2 O.
The common atom that connects the two (or sometimes three) rings is called the spiro atom. [2]: SP-0 In carbocyclic spiro compounds like spiro[5.5]undecane, the spiro-atom is a quaternary carbon , and as the -ane ending implies, these are the types of molecules to which the name spirane was first applied (though it is now used general of all ...
This reaction is important in the history of organic chemistry because it helped prove the structure of ethers. The general reaction mechanism is as follows: [ 3 ] An example is the reaction of sodium ethoxide with chloroethane to form diethyl ether and sodium chloride: