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  2. Curie's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie's_law

    It only holds for high temperatures and weak magnetic fields. As the derivations below show, the magnetization saturates in the opposite limit of low temperatures and strong fields. If the Curie constant is null, other magnetic effects dominate, like Langevin diamagnetism or Van Vleck paramagnetism.

  3. Thermodynamic databases for pure substances - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_databases...

    Row 3. Values of the five parameters for the first C p equation; temperature limit for the equation. Row 4. Values of the five parameters for the second C p equation; temperature limit for the equation. Row 5. Values of the five parameters for the third C p equation; temperature limit for the equation. Row 6. Number of H T - H 298 equations ...

  4. Peukert's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peukert's_law

    Peukert's law brings a certain degree of fire-safety to many battery designs. It limits the maximum output power of the battery. For example, starting a car is safe even if the lead–acid battery dies. The primary fire hazard with lead–acid batteries occurs during over-charging when hydrogen gas is produced.

  5. Curie temperature - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_temperature

    An average total magnetism is taken from the bulk and surface temperatures to calculate the Curie temperature from the material, noting the bulk contributes more. [ 35 ] [ 39 ] The angular momentum of an electron is either + ⁠ ħ / 2 ⁠ or − ⁠ ħ / 2 ⁠ due to it having a spin of ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠ , which gives a specific size of magnetic ...

  6. Force-free magnetic field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force-free_magnetic_field

    In plasma physics, a force-free magnetic field is a magnetic field in which the Lorentz force is equal to zero and the magnetic pressure greatly exceeds the plasma pressure such that non-magnetic forces can be neglected. For a force-free field, the electric current density is either zero or parallel to the magnetic field.

  7. Magnetosphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetosphere

    The magnetosphere of Jupiter is the largest planetary magnetosphere in the Solar System, extending up to 7,000,000 kilometers (4,300,000 mi) on the dayside and almost to the orbit of Saturn on the nightside. [17] Jupiter's magnetosphere is stronger than Earth's by an order of magnitude, and its magnetic moment is approximately 18,000 times ...

  8. Thermodynamic limit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_limit

    The thermodynamic limit is essentially a consequence of the central limit theorem of probability theory. The internal energy of a gas of N molecules is the sum of order N contributions, each of which is approximately independent, and so the central limit theorem predicts that the ratio of the size of the fluctuations to the mean is of order 1/N 1/2.

  9. Earth's magnetic field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_magnetic_field

    The magnetosphere is defined by the extent of Earth's magnetic field in space or geospace. It extends above the ionosphere , several tens of thousands of kilometres into space , protecting Earth from the charged particles of the solar wind and cosmic rays that would otherwise strip away the upper atmosphere, including the ozone layer that ...