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Like other nickel/iron compositions, Invar is a solid solution; that is, it is a single-phase alloy.In one commercial grade called Invar 36 it consists of approximately 36% nickel and 64% iron, [4] has a melting point of 1427C, a density of 8.05 g/cm3 and a resistivity of 8.2 x 10-5 Ω·cm. [5] The invar range was described by Westinghouse scientists in 1961 as "30–45 atom per cent nickel".
Invar: A steel manufactured to have a very low thermal expansion: 36% Ni: Kamacite: A native metal found in meteoric iron: Fe [0.9] Ni [0.1] Maraging steel: A strong, malleable variant of steel: 15–25% Ni: Meteoric iron: A native combination of mostly kamacite and taenite, and minor amounts of tetrataenite, antitaenite, and awaruite: 5–30% ...
Charles Édouard Guillaume won the 1920 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on nickel steel alloys which he called invar and elinvar. NiO is a commonly used hole transport material in thin film solar cells. [7] It was also a component in the nickel-iron battery, also known as the Edison Battery, and is a component in fuel cells.
According to the intergovernmental International Nickel Study Group, in 2017 the countries with the largest volume of nickel ore reserves are Australia (19.5 million metric tons), Brazil (10.5 million metric tons), Russia (7.5 million metric tons), New Caledonia (6.5 million metric tons), Cuba (5.5 million metric tons), and the Philippines (just under 5 million metric tons). [4]
The name is a contraction of the French élasticité invariable ('invariable elasticity'). It was invented by Charles Édouard Guillaume, a Swiss physicist who also invented Invar, another alloy of nickel and iron with very low thermal expansion.
Gol Gohar, or Gol-e Gohar (Persian:گل گهر), is the largest iron ore mine in Iran. [3] It has a total iron ore reserve of 1.135 billion tons, [4]: 709 and produces about 11 million tons of iron annually as of 2006. [2]
The company was founded in 1668 by Bengt Gustaf Geijer. The company was then privately held until 1870 when it became a public company named Uddeholms AB.
Of the iron ore exported, 38.5% of the volume was iron ore pellets with a value of $2.3 billion, and 61.5% was iron ore concentrates with a value of $2.3 billion. [40] 46% of Canada's iron ore comes from the Iron Ore Company of Canada mine, in Labrador City, Newfoundland, with secondary sources including the Mary River Mine in Nunavut. [40] [41]