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Europe had been battered by both the Thirty Years' War and the overlapping Eighty Years' War (begun c. 1568), exacting a heavy toll in money and lives. The Eighty Years' War was a prolonged struggle for the independence of the Protestant-majority Dutch Republic (the modern Netherlands), supported by Protestant-majority England, against Catholic-dominated Spain and Portugal.
The Westphalian system, also known as Westphalian sovereignty, is a principle in international law that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory.The principle developed in Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, based on the state theory of Jean Bodin and the natural law teachings of Hugo Grotius.
After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Europe's borders were largely stable. 1708 map by Herman Moll.. International relations from 1648 to 1814 covers the major interactions of the nations of Europe, as well as the other continents, with emphasis on diplomacy, warfare, migration, and cultural interactions, from the Peace of Westphalia to the Congress of Vienna.
The oldest known surviving peace treaty in the world, the Egyptian–Hittite peace treaty preserved at the Temple of Amun in Karnak. This list of treaties contains known agreements, pacts, peaces, and major contracts between states, armies, governments, and tribal groups.
It is recommended to name the SVG file “Europe map 1648.svg”—then the template Vector version available (or Vva) does not need the new image name parameter. Summary Map of Europe in 1648 (at the end of the Thirty Years War ), based on free map of europe Image:BlankMap-Europe.png .
The Westphalia treaty granted to France the margraviate of Haute-Alsace and the Décapole, a federation of ten Alsatian towns. Both had formerly been Austrian Habsburg processions. The treaty also confirmed French sovereignty over the Three Bishoprics, annexed a century earlier.
The Peace of Münster was a treaty between the Lords States General of the Seven United Netherlands [a] and the Spanish Crown, the terms of which were agreed on 30 January 1648. [1] The treaty, negotiated in parallel to, but not part of, the Peace of Westphalia , is a key event in Dutch history, marking the formal recognition of the independent ...
After World War II in 1946, the present state of North Rhine-Westphalia was created by the British military government from the former Prussian Province of Westphalia and the northern half of the former Prussian Rhine Province. The old governmental districts of 1816 stayed in place.