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Therefore, the false-consensus effect, or the tendency to deduce judgements from one's own opinions, is a direct result of egocentric bias. [14] A well known example of false-consensus effect is a study published by Ross, Greene and House in 1977. [15] Students are asked to walk around a campus with a sandwich board that bearing the word "repent".
Courtesy bias, the tendency to give an opinion that is more socially correct than one's true opinion, so as to avoid offending anyone. [136] Groupthink, the psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.
The most famous example of such a theory is Dissonance-reduction theory, associated with Leon Festinger, which explains that when the components of an attitude (including belief and behavior) are at odds an individual may adjust one to match the other (for example, adjusting a belief to match a behavior). [51]
Belief in a favorable future is the belief that future others will change their preferences and beliefs in alignment with one's own. [ 21 ] Rogers, Moore, and Norton (2017) [ 21 ] find that belief in a favorable future is greater in magnitude than the false-consensus effect for two reasons:
In philosophy and psychology, an alief is an automatic or habitual belief-like attitude, particularly one that is in tension with a person's explicit beliefs. [1] For example, a person standing on a transparent balcony may believe that they are safe, but alieve that they are in danger .
Adults have theory of mind concepts that they developed as children (concepts such as belief, desire, knowledge, and intention). They use these concepts to meet the diverse demands of social life, ranging from snap decisions about how to trick an opponent in a competitive game, to keeping up with who knows what in a fast-moving conversation, to ...
These biases contribute to overconfidence in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. For example, confirmation bias produces systematic errors in scientific research based on inductive reasoning (the gradual accumulation of supportive evidence). Similarly, a police detective may identify a ...
According to Stroud (2008), theoretically, selective exposure occurs when people's beliefs guide their media selections. [5] Selective exposure has been displayed in various contexts such as self-serving situations and situations in which people hold prejudices regarding outgroups, particular opinions, and personal and group-related issues. [6]
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