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The sacrum has a base, an apex, and three surfaces – a pelvic, dorsal and a lateral surface. The base of the sacrum, which is broad and expanded, is directed upward and forward. On either side of the base is a large projection known as an ala of sacrum and these alae (wings) articulate with the sacroiliac joints.
The sacrum is curved upon itself and placed very obliquely, its base projecting forward and forming the prominent sacrovertebral angle when articulated with the last lumbar vertebra. It is also known as the "lumbosacral angle".
The lateral sacral arteries is an artery in the pelvis that arises from the ... and are distributed to the muscles and skin on the dorsal surface of the sacrum, ...
The joints are covered by two different kinds of cartilage; the sacral surface has hyaline cartilage and the iliac surface has fibrocartilage. [2] The SIJ's stability is maintained mainly through a combination of only some bony structure and very strong intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments. [5] The joint space is usually 0.5 to 4 mm. [6]
It stretches from median sacral crest [3] and the free margin of the sacral hiatus [1] to the dorsal surface of the coccyx. [1] The lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments run from the lower lateral angles of the sacrum to the transverse processes of the first coccygeal vertebra to complete the foramina for the last sacral nerve. [1]
The number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. In a human spinal column, there are normally 33 vertebrae. [3] The upper 24 pre-sacral vertebrae are articulating and separated from each other by intervertebral discs, and the lower nine are fused in adults, five in the sacrum and four in the coccyx, or tailbone.
The lateral sacral veins accompany the lateral sacral arteries on the anterior surface of the sacrum. They drain into the internal iliac vein . [ 1 ] They communicate with each other via the sacral venous plexus .
The anterior sacroiliac ligament consists of numerous thin bands, which connect the anterior surface of the lateral part of the sacrum to the margin of the auricular surface of the ilium and to the preauricular sulcus.