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Performance-enhancing substances (PESs), also known as performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), [1] are substances that are used to improve any form of activity performance in humans. Many substances, such as anabolic steroids , can be used to improve athletic performance and build muscle, which in most cases is considered cheating by organized ...
Since their discovery, anabolic steroids (AAS) have been widely used as performance-enhancing drugs to improve performance in sports, [1] to improve one's physical appearance, as self-medication to recover from injury, and as an anti-aging aid. Use of anabolic steroids for purposes other than treating medical conditions is controversial and, in ...
Studies in the United States have shown that AAS users tend to be mostly middle-class men with a median age of about 25 who are noncompetitive bodybuilders and non-athletes and use the drugs for cosmetic purposes. [54] "Among 12- to 17-year-old boys, use of steroids and similar drugs jumped 25 percent from 1999 to 2000, with 20 percent saying ...
Knowing that as little as 60 minutes of regular weekly exercise may reduce the likelihood of cancer progression by 27% and death by 47%, should encourage all doctors to use exercise as medicine.”
In March 2016, Australian triathlete Lisa Marangon received a 4-year ban ending in March 2020 for use of banned substance enobosarm. American triathlete Ashley Paulson was given a 6-month suspension for use of banned substance enobosarm because officials accepted her contention that the banned drug positive came from a contaminated supplement. [79]
They have been investigated in human studies for the treatment of osteoporosis, cachexia, benign prostatic hyperplasia, stress urinary incontinence, prostate cancer, and breast cancer and have also been considered for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hypogonadism and as a male contraceptive.
[4] [1] [5] It has also been used to treat breast cancer in women. [6] It is given by injection into muscle usually once every two to three days. [5] [7] [8] Side effects of testosterone propionate include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire. [5]
Some serious and long-term effects on the body are hair loss, dizziness, mood swings, delusions, paranoia, high blood pressure, and increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and even cancer. [34] More recent studies also suggest that steroid users have an increased risk of depression and alcohol use later in life.