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FPETool, developed by NIST, provided detailed predictions of fire behaviour, smoke spread, and egress times to aid fire safety engineers. [10] EXIT89, developed by Dr Rita Fahy , added a behavioural dimension, simulating how individuals might respond to evacuation orders. [ 11 ]
An area of refuge or safe room [1] is a place in a building designed to hold occupants during a fire or other emergency when evacuation may not be safe or possible. Occupants can wait there until rescued or relieved by firefighters.
Emergency exit in Universitetet metro station in Stockholm. An emergency exit in a building or other structure is a special exit used during emergencies such as fires.The combined use of regular and emergency exits allows for faster evacuation, and emergency exits provide alternative means of evacuation if regular exits are inaccessible.
For a general purpose scaffold the maximum bay length is 2.1 m, for heavier work the bay size is reduced to 2 or even 1.8 m while for inspection a bay width of up to 2.7 m is allowed. The scaffolding width is determined by the width of the boards, the minimum width allowed [ where? ] is 600 mm but a more typical four-board scaffold would be 870 ...
Access and egress are also important parts of excavation safety. [77] Ramps used by equipment must be designed by a person qualified in structural design. [77] No person is allowed to cross underneath or stand underneath any loading or digging equipment. Employees are to remain at a safe distance from all equipment while it is operational.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency allows concentration of 9% volume in occupied spaces without mandated egress time, or up to 10.5% for a limited time. Most fire suppression systems are designed to provide concentration of 6.25-9%.
For US waters, the US Code of Federal Regulations require ships and their masters to calculate UKC based on the ship's deepest navigational draft. 33 CFR 157.450 The regulations require the master to discuss the UKC calculation with the maritime pilot as the ship approaches US ports/waters. 33 CFR 157.450
After the design area and density have been determined, calculations are performed to prove that the system can deliver the required amount of water over the required design area. These calculations account for all of the water pressure that is lost or gained between the water supply source and the sprinklers that would operate in the design area.