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Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) in the water, known as eutrophication. These nutrients are the fundamental building blocks of single-celled, plant-like organisms that live in the water column, and whose growth is limited in part by the availability of these materials.
But ASR is not limited to the intertidal environment. Most tropical and temperate fish species living in stagnant waters engage in ASR during hypoxia. [40] One study looked at 26 species representing eight families of non-air breathing fishes from the North American great plains, and found that all but four of them performed ASR during hypoxia ...
Many reef aquarium keepers use RO systems to make fish-friendly seawater. Ordinary tap water can contain excessive chlorine, chloramines, copper, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, silicates, or other chemicals detrimental to marine organisms. Contaminants such as nitrogen and phosphates can lead to
One method of eutrophication remediation is the application of aluminum sulfate, a salt commonly used in the coagulation process of drinking water treatment.Aluminum sulfate, or "alum" as it is commonly referred, has been found to be an effective lake management tool by reducing the phosphorus load.
Global map of low and declining oxygen levels in the open ocean and coastal waters, 2009. [1] The map indicates coastal sites where anthropogenic nutrients have exacerbated or caused oxygen declines to <2 mg/L (<63 μmol/L) (red dots), as well as ocean oxygen minimum zones at 300 m (blue shaded regions).
Relationship of phosphate to nitrate uptake for photosynthesis in various regions of the ocean. Note that nitrate is more often limiting than phosphate The Redfield ratio or Redfield stoichiometry is the consistent atomic ratio of carbon , nitrogen and phosphorus found in marine phytoplankton and throughout the deep oceans.
The term fish kill, known also as fish die-off, refers to a localized mass die-off of fish populations which may also be associated with more generalized mortality of aquatic life. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The most common cause is reduced oxygen in the water, which in turn may be due to factors such as drought , harmful algal bloom , overpopulation , or a ...
The term ocean deoxygenation has been used increasingly by international scientific bodies because it captures the decreasing trend of the world ocean's oxygen inventory. [2] Oceanographers and others have discussed what phrase best describes the phenomenon to non-specialists.