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In particular, the pH of a solution can be predicted when the analytical concentration and pK a values of all acids and bases are known; conversely, it is possible to calculate the equilibrium concentration of the acids and bases in solution when the pH is known. These calculations find application in many different areas of chemistry, biology ...
A simple buffer solution consists of a solution of an acid and a salt of the conjugate base of the acid. For example, the acid may be acetic acid and the salt may be sodium acetate . The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation relates the pH of a solution containing a mixture of the two components to the acid dissociation constant , K a of the acid ...
When the acidic medium in question is a dilute aqueous solution, the is approximately equal to the pH value, which is a negative logarithm of the concentration of aqueous + in solution. The pH of a simple solution of an acid in water is determined by both K a {\displaystyle K_{{\ce {a}}}} and the acid concentration.
depending on whether the electrode is calibrated in millivolts or pH. For convenience the concentration, [H +], is used in place of activity. In a titration of strong acid with strong alkali, the analytical concentration of the hydrogen ion is obtained from the initial concentration of acid, C i and the amount of alkali added during titration.
The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethanol (ethyl alcohol), which is used as a drug and is the main alcohol present in alcoholic drinks. The suffix -ol appears in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the ...
Phase behavior Triple point: 150 K (−123 °C), 0.00043 Pa Critical point: 514 K (241 °C), 63 bar Std enthalpy change of fusion, Δ fus H o +4.9 kJ/mol
The analytical (total) concentration of a reactant R at the i th titration point is given by = + [] + where R 0 is the initial amount of R in the titration vessel, v 0 is the initial volume, [R] is the concentration of R in the burette and v i is the volume added. The burette concentration of a reactant not present in the burette is taken to be ...
For reactions in aqueous solution, such as an acid dissociation reaction AH + H 2 O ⇌ A − + H 3 O + the concentration of water may be taken as being constant and the formation of the hydronium ion is implicit. AH ⇌ A − + H + Water concentration is omitted from expressions defining equilibrium constants, except when solutions are very ...