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Because of the circular nature of the polar coordinate system, many curves can be described by a rather simple polar equation, whereas their Cartesian form is much more intricate. Among the best known of these curves are the polar rose , Archimedean spiral , lemniscate , limaçon , and cardioid .
Two common methods for finding the volume of a solid of revolution are the disc method and the shell method of integration.To apply these methods, it is easiest to draw the graph in question; identify the area that is to be revolved about the axis of revolution; determine the volume of either a disc-shaped slice of the solid, with thickness δx, or a cylindrical shell of width δx; and then ...
Let φ 1 = 0, φ 2 = 2π; then the area of the black region (see diagram) is A 0 = a 2 π 2, which is half of the area of the circle K 0 with radius r(2π). The regions between neighboring curves (white, blue, yellow) have the same area A = 2a 2 π 2. Hence: The area between two arcs of the spiral after a full turn equals the area of the circle ...
If the polar line of C with respect to a point Q is a line L, then Q is said to be a pole of L. A given line has (n−1) 2 poles (counting multiplicities etc.) where n is the degree of C. To see this, pick two points P and Q on L. The locus of points whose polar lines pass through P is the first polar of P and this is a curve of degree n−1.
Integral as area between two curves. Double integral as volume under a surface z = 10 − ( x 2 − y 2 / 8 ).The rectangular region at the bottom of the body is the domain of integration, while the surface is the graph of the two-variable function to be integrated.
It is generated by a curve that lies in the half-plane and connects the two points; among all the surfaces that can be generated in this way, it is the one that minimizes the surface area. [1] A basic problem in the calculus of variations is finding the curve between two points that produces this minimal surface of revolution. [1]
Curves on a surface which minimize length between the endpoints are called geodesics; they are the shape that an elastic band stretched between the two points would take. Mathematically they are described using ordinary differential equations and the calculus of variations. The differential geometry of surfaces revolves around the study of ...
In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system specifies a given point in three-dimensional space by using a distance and two angles as its three coordinates. These are the radial distance r along the line connecting the point to a fixed point called the origin; the polar angle θ between this radial line and a given polar axis; [a] and