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Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase mitochondrial numbers. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was first described by John Holloszy in the 1960s, when it was discovered that physical endurance training induced higher mitochondrial content levels, leading to greater glucose uptake by muscles. [ 3 ]
21780 Ensembl ENSG00000108064 ENSMUSG00000003923 UniProt Q00059 P40630 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001270782 NM_003201 NM_012251 NM_009360 RefSeq (protein) NP_001257711 NP_003192 NP_033386 Location (UCSC) Chr 10: 58.39 – 58.4 Mb Chr 10: 71.06 – 71.07 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Mitochondrial transcription factor A, abbreviated as TFAM or mtTFA, is a protein that in ...
Mitochondrial replication is controlled by nuclear genes and is specifically suited to make as many mitochondria as that particular cell needs at the time. Mitochondrial transcription in humans is initiated from three promoters, H1, H2, and L (heavy strand 1, heavy strand 2, and light strand promoters). The H2 promoter transcribes almost the ...
It has also been reported that drug tolerant cancer cells have an increased number and size of mitochondria which suggested an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis. [195] A 2022 study in Nature Nanotechnology has reported that cancer cells can hijack the mitochondria from immune cells via physical tunneling nanotubes. [196]
A nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (modRNA) is a synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) in which some nucleosides are replaced by other naturally modified nucleosides or by synthetic nucleoside analogues.
A January 2022 study by the UK Health Security Agency found that vaccines afforded similar levels of protection against symptomatic disease by BA.1 and BA.2, and in both it was considerably higher after two doses and a booster than two doses without booster, [263] [264] though because of the gradually waning effect of vaccines, further booster ...
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), also called methoxatin, is a redox cofactor and antioxidant. [1] Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase is used as a glucose sensor in bacteria. PQQ stimulates growth in bacteria. [2]
These tRNA-lookalikes are also considered part of the nuclear mitochondrial DNA (genes transferred from the mitochondria to the nucleus). [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The phenomenon of multiple nuclear copies of mitochondrial tRNA (tRNA-lookalikes) has been observed in many higher organisms from human to the opossum [ 38 ] suggesting the possibility that the ...