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For example, summation of [1, 2, 4, 2] is denoted 1 + 2 + 4 + 2, and results in 9, that is, 1 + 2 + 4 + 2 = 9. Because addition is associative and commutative, there is no need for parentheses, and the result is the same irrespective of the order of the summands. Summation of a sequence of only one summand results in the summand itself.
In mathematics, summation by parts transforms the summation of products of sequences into other summations, often simplifying the computation or (especially) estimation of certain types of sums. It is also called Abel's lemma or Abel transformation , named after Niels Henrik Abel who introduced it in 1826.
Every vector space is a free module, [1] but, if the ring of the coefficients is not a division ring (not a field in the commutative case), then there exist non-free modules. Given any set S and ring R, there is a free R-module with basis S, which is called the free module on S or module of formal R-linear combinations of the elements of S.
In mathematics, especially the usage of linear algebra in mathematical physics and differential geometry, Einstein notation (also known as the Einstein summation convention or Einstein summation notation) is a notational convention that implies summation over a set of indexed terms in a formula, thus achieving brevity.
For an arbitrary family of groups indexed by , their direct sum [2] is the subgroup of the direct product that consists of the elements () that have finite support, where by definition, () is said to have finite support if is the identity element of for all but finitely many . [3] The direct sum of an infinite family () of non-trivial groups is ...
The Gaussian VaR ensures subadditivity: for example, the Gaussian VaR of a two unitary long positions portfolio at the confidence level is, assuming that the mean portfolio value variation is zero and the VaR is defined as a negative loss, = + + where is the inverse of the normal cumulative distribution function at probability level , , are the ...
In mathematics, an empty sum, or nullary sum, [1] is a summation where the number of terms is zero. The natural way to extend non-empty sums [ 2 ] is to let the empty sum be the additive identity . Let a 1 {\displaystyle a_{1}} , a 2 {\displaystyle a_{2}} , a 3 {\displaystyle a_{3}} , ... be a sequence of numbers, and let
For instance, rearranging the terms of the alternating harmonic series so that each positive term of the original series is followed by two negative terms of the original series rather than just one yields [34] + + + = + + + = + + + = (+ + +), which is times the original series, so it would have a sum of half of the natural logarithm of 2. By ...
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