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Underwater construction is industrial construction in an underwater environment.It is a part of the marine construction industry. [1] It can involve the use of a variety of building materials, mainly concrete and steel.
Construction and pre-commissioning is typically performed as much as possible onshore. To optimize the costs and risks of installing large offshore platforms, different construction strategies have been developed. [1] One strategy is to fully construct the offshore facility onshore, and tow the installation to site floating on its own buoyancy.
A submarine pipeline (also known as marine, subsea or offshore pipeline) is a pipeline that is laid on the seabed or below it inside a trench. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] In some cases, the pipeline is mostly on-land but in places it crosses water expanses, such as small seas, straits and rivers. [ 3 ]
Schematic cross section of a pressurized caisson. In geotechnical engineering, a caisson (/ ˈ k eɪ s ən,-s ɒ n /; borrowed from French caisson 'box', from Italian cassone 'large box', an augmentative of cassa) is a watertight retaining structure [1] used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam, [2] or for the repair of ships.
A suction caisson can effectively be described as an inverted bucket that is embedded in the marine sediment.Attachment to the sea bed is achieved either through pushing or by creating a negative pressure inside the caisson skirt by pumping water out of the caisson; both of these techniques have the effect of securing the caisson into the sea bed.
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USS Princeton: After an Iraqi naval mine damaged the cruiser during the 1991 Gulf War, her crew fought fires and sealed cracks in the hull, then repaired electronic systems, bringing the Aegis Combat System back on line within 2 hours. USS Cole: immediate measures to stop sinking after the ship was bombed in 2000.