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Phage therapy, viral phage therapy, or phagotherapy is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] This therapeutic approach emerged at the beginning of the 20th century but was progressively replaced by the use of antibiotics in most parts of the world after the Second World War .
Phage therapy also allows for the possibility of biofilm penetration in cases where antibiotics are ineffective due to the increased resistance of biofilm-forming pathogens. [9] One major drawback to phage therapy is the evolution of phage-resistant microbes which was seen in a majority of phage therapy experiments aimed to treat sepsis and ...
Phage therapy has gained recent attention in the United States as an alternative to standard antibiotic therapy. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] It has been in practice for just over 100 years in countries such as Russia and Georgia , but due to the recent clinical attention of antibiotic resistance , Western countries have slowly been integrating phage ...
Bacteriophages were used from the 1920s as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France. [7] [8] They are seen as a possible therapy against multi-drug-resistant strains of many bacteria (see phage therapy). [9] [10] [11] [12]
The evolution of bacteria on a "Mega-Plate" petri dish A list of antibiotic resistant bacteria is provided below. These bacteria have shown antibiotic resistance (or antimicrobial resistance). Gram positive Clostridioides difficile Clostridioides difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes diarrheal disease worldwide. Diarrhea caused by C. difficile can be life-threatening. Infections are ...
Phage therapy has been used for years in MRSA in eastern countries, and studies are ongoing in western countries. [146] [147] Host-directed therapeutics, including host kinase inhibitors, as well as antimicrobial peptides are under study as adjunctive or alternative treatment for MRSA. [148] [149] [150]
As of 2018, the best available evidence favors low-dose thiazide diuretics as the first-line treatment of choice for high blood pressure when drugs are necessary. [5] Although clinical evidence shows calcium channel blockers and thiazide-type diuretics are preferred first-line treatments for most people (from both efficacy and cost points of ...
Phage therapy against P. aeruginosa has been investigated as a possible effective treatment, which can be combined with antibiotics, has no contraindications and minimal adverse effects. Phages are produced as sterile liquid, suitable for intake, applications etc. [ 113 ] Phage therapy against ear infections caused by P. aeruginosa was reported ...