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The Northern Ireland Protocol of the Brexit withdrawal agreement commits the UK and the EU to maintaining an open border in Ireland, so that (in many respects) the de facto frontier is the Irish Sea border between the two islands. This requires the continued application of the Common Travel Area as well as free trade of goods (including ...
Border changes as proposed by the Irish Boundary Commission, 1925. A de facto border was established by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, in which the British Government established (or attempted to establish) two devolved administrations within the United Kingdom, Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland.
The border at Killeen (viewed from the UK side) marked only by a metric (km/h) speed limit sign. Originally intended as an internal boundary within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the border was created in 1921 under the United Kingdom Parliament's Government of Ireland Act 1920. [5]
The Irish Sea border is an informal term for the trade border between Northern Ireland and Great Britain.It was specified by the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol of the Brexit withdrawal agreement (February 2020), was refined by the Joint Committee in December 2020, [1] and came into effect on 1 January 2021 following the end of the Brexit transition period.
Goods from Northern Ireland may be moved without restriction to Great Britain but not conversely. Thus, in place of a Republic of Ireland/Northern Ireland land border, the protocol has created a de facto customs border in the Irish Sea, separating Northern Ireland from Great Britain, [4] [5] [6] to the disquiet of prominent Unionists. [9]
Under the terms of the Protocol, Northern Ireland, unlike the rest of the UK, remains in the EU single market for goods. [5] This puts in place a de facto Irish Sea trade border for goods moving to Northern Ireland from Great Britain.
The Northern Ireland conflict: a beginner's guide (Simon and Schuster, 2012). Hammond, John L. Gladstone and the Irish nation (1938) online. McLoughlin, P. J. "British–Irish relations and the Northern Ireland peace process: the importance of intergovernmentalism." in Dynamics of Political Change in Ireland (Routledge, 2016) pp. 103–118.
For Arie Dubnov and Laura Robson, partition is the physical division of territory along ethno-religious lines into separate nation-states. They locate partition in the context of post- World War I peacebuilding and the "new conversations surrounding ethnicity, nationhood, and citizenship" that emerged out of it. [ 2 ]