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If the sphere is isometrically embedded in Euclidean space, the sphere's intersection with a plane is a circle, which can be interpreted extrinsically to the sphere as a Euclidean circle: a locus of points in the plane at a constant Euclidean distance (the extrinsic radius) from a point in the plane (the extrinsic center). A great circle lies ...
A diagram illustrating great-circle distance (drawn in red) between two points on a sphere, P and Q. Two antipodal points, u and v are also shown. The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path ...
If the radius of the sphere is denoted by r and the height of the cap by h, the volume of the spherical sector is =.. This may also be written as = (), where φ is half the cone angle, i.e., φ is the angle between the rim of the cap and the direction to the middle of the cap as seen from the sphere center.
For example, assuming the Earth is a sphere of radius 6371 km, the surface area of the arctic (north of the Arctic Circle, at latitude 66.56° as of August 2016 [7]) is 2π ⋅ 6371 2 | sin 90° − sin 66.56° | = 21.04 million km 2 (8.12 million sq mi), or 0.5 ⋅ | sin 90° − sin 66.56° | = 4.125% of the total surface area of the Earth.
A spherical segment Pair of parallel planes intersecting a sphere forming a spherical segment (i.e., a spherical frustum) Terminology for spherical segments.. In geometry, a spherical segment is the solid defined by cutting a sphere or a ball with a pair of parallel planes.
The following is a list of centroids of various two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects. The centroid of an object in -dimensional space is the intersection of all hyperplanes that divide into two parts of equal moment about the hyperplane.
In close-packing, the center-to-center spacing of spheres in the xy plane is a simple honeycomb-like tessellation with a pitch (distance between sphere centers) of one sphere diameter. The distance between sphere centers, projected on the z (vertical) axis, is: =, where d is the diameter of a sphere; this follows from the tetrahedral ...
The hydraulic diameter is the equivalent circular configuration with the same circumference as the wetted perimeter. The area of a circle of radius R is . Given the area of a non-circular object A, one can calculate its area-equivalent radius by setting = or, alternatively: