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Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). [4] Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, and nerve agents. [4] Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea, vomiting, small pupils, sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion. [2]
Exposure to organophosphate pesticides in general has been increasingly associated with changes in children's cognitive, behavioral and motor performance. [53] [54] Infant girls were shown to be more susceptible to harmful effects from organophosphate insecticides than infant boys. [52]
Organophosphate insecticides are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, which disrupt the transmission of nerve signals in exposed organisms, with fatal results. The risk of human death through organophosphate poisoning [ 33 ] was obvious from the start and led to efforts to lower toxicity against mammals while not reducing efficacy against insects.
Phosphamidon is an organophosphate insecticide first reported in 1960. [ 3 ] [ 2 ] It acts as a cholinesterase inhibitor . The commercial product typically exists as a mixture of 70% ( Z )- isomer and 30% ( E )-isomer.
In a study published in Genome Biology, [6] researchers demonstrated the gut microbiota mediated diabetogenic effect of organophosphate insecticides. They used monocrotophos as the prototypical organophosphate in their study and showcased that during chronic intake, monocrotophos is degraded by the gut microbiota and the end products are converted to glucose via gluconeogenesis that account ...
Cholinesterase reactivators are drugs that reverse the inhibition of cholinesterase by organophosphates or sulfonates. [1] They are used as antidote for treating organophosphate insecticide and nerve agent poisoning. [2] Organophosphates are used industrially in agricultural pesticides, and globally as agents of chemical warfare.
Terbufos is a chemical compound used in insecticides and nematicides. It is part of the chemical family of organophosphates. It is a clear, colourless to pale yellow or reddish-brown liquid and sold commercially as granulate. [5]
Fenthion is an organothiophosphate insecticide, avicide, and acaricide.Like most other organophosphates, its mode of action is via cholinesterase inhibition.Due to its relatively low toxicity towards humans and mammals, fenthion is listed as moderately toxic compound in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization toxicity class.