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1980 – Gravity Probe A verifies gravitational redshift to approximately 0.007% using a space-born hydrogen maser. [209] 1980 – James Bardeen explains structure in the Universe using cosmological perturbation theory. [210] 1981 – Alan Guth proposes cosmic inflation in order to solve the flatness and horizon problems. [211]
The most well-known class of spacetime diagrams are known as Minkowski diagrams, developed by Hermann Minkowski in 1908. Minkowski diagrams are two-dimensional graphs that depict events as happening in a universe consisting of one space dimension and one time dimension. Unlike a regular distance-time graph, the distance is displayed on the ...
Discovered through gamma-ray burst mapping. Largest-known regular formation in the observable universe. [8] Huge-LQG (2012–2013) 4,000,000,000 [9] [10] [11] Decoupling of 73 quasars. Largest-known large quasar group and the first structure found to exceed 3 billion light-years. "Giant Arc" (2021) 3,300,000,000 [12] Located 9.2 billion light ...
Unlike gravity, the effects of such a field do not diminish (or only diminish slowly) as the universe grows. While matter and gravity have a greater effect initially, their effect quickly diminishes as the universe continues to expand. Objects in the universe, which are initially seen to be moving apart as the universe expands, continue to move ...
A graphical view of the Cosmic Calendar, featuring the months of the year, days of December, the final minute, and the final second. The Cosmic Calendar is a method to visualize the chronology of the universe, scaling its currently understood age of 13.787 billion years to a single year in order to help intuit it for pedagogical purposes in science education or popular science.
The timeline of the Universe lists events from its creation to its ultimate final state. For a timeline of the universe from the present to its presumed conclusion, see: Timeline of the far future; Chronology of the universe; Timeline of the universe
This is a timeline of space exploration which includes notable achievements, first accomplishments and milestones in humanity's exploration of outer space. This timeline generally does not distinguish achievements by a specific country or private company, as it considers humanity as a whole.
The history of the universe after inflation but before a time of about 1 second is largely unknown. [22] However, the universe is known to have been dominated by ultrarelativistic Standard Model particles, conventionally called radiation, by the time of neutrino decoupling at about 1 second. [23]