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Every decision in the product development process affects cost: design is typically considered to account for 70–80% of the final cost of a project such as an engineering project [1] or the construction of a building. [2] In the public sector, cost reduction programs can be used where income is reduced or to reduce debt levels. [3]
A basis of estimate is an analyzed and carefully calculated number that can be used for proposals, bidding on government contracts, and executing a project with a fully calculated budget. [2]
Many construction cost estimators continue to rely primarily upon manual methods, hard copy documents, and/or electronic spreadsheets such as Microsoft Excel. While spreadsheets are relatively easy to master and provide a means to create and report a construction cost estimate and or cost models, their benefit comes largely from their ability ...
1979, VisiCalc for Apple II with 32K RAM, the first widely used normal spreadsheet with A1 notation etc. 1980, SuperCalc for CP/M-80 operating system, included with early Osborne computers. 1982, ZX81 Memocalc, for low cost ~$100 personal computer with 16K RAM expansion, launched by Memotech in April 1982.
Up until the 2007 version, Microsoft Excel used a proprietary binary file format called Excel Binary File Format (.XLS) as its primary format. [34] Excel 2007 uses Office Open XML as its primary file format, an XML-based format that followed after a previous XML -based format called "XML Spreadsheet" ("XMLSS"), first introduced in Excel 2002.
In business economics cost breakdown analysis is a method of cost analysis, which itemizes the cost of a certain product or service into its various components, the so-called cost drivers. The cost breakdown analysis is a popular cost reduction strategy and a viable opportunity for businesses. [1] [2] [3]
Zero-based budgeting encourages companies to evaluate every department's funding, and their current needs rather than the momentum of the previous year's budget or previous expenditure. [2] It can help remove redundant spending. Communication between departments can improve by involving employees in decision-making and budget prioritization.
The other software exported spreadsheet format data from Coordination MVD STEP files so that others could use this data. In 2009, COBie version 2.26 was published as the buildingSMART International Basic FM Handover Model View Model Definition using the Industry Foundation Class Model 2x3.