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This page covers the conifers (class Pinopsida). For the background to this list see parent article List of the vascular plants of Britain and Ireland. All are part of the order Pinales. Status key: * indicates an introduced species and e indicates an extinct species.
Conifers account for around one half (51%) of the UK woodland area, although this proportion varies from around one quarter (26%) in England to around three quarters (74%) in Scotland. [8] Britain's native tree flora comprises 32 species, of which 29 are broadleaves. The UK's industry and populace uses at least 50 million tonnes of timber a year.
Major stands of southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest. The southern Appalachian spruce–fir forest consists of several stands covering a combined area of between 60,000 and 70,000 acres (24,000 and 28,000 ha), [2] [6] although less conservative estimates have placed the forest's coverage at around 90,000 acres (36,000 ha). [7]
Fossil conifers included many diverse forms, the most dramatically distinct from modern conifers being some herbaceous conifers with no woody stems. [6] Major fossil orders of conifers or conifer-like plants include the Cordaitales, Vojnovskyales, Voltziales and perhaps also the Czekanowskiales (possibly more closely related to the Ginkgophyta).
In terms of biodiversity, the only comparable temperate deciduous forest regions in the world are in central China, Japan, and in the Caucasus Mountains.Both the Appalachians (along with the neighbouring Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests ecoregion) and central China contain relict habitats of an ancient forest that was once widespread over the Northern Hemisphere.
Pinus pungens is a tree of modest size (6–12 metres or 20–39 feet), and has a rounded, irregular shape. The needles are in bundles of two, occasionally three, yellow-green to mid green, fairly stout, and 4–7 centimetres (1 + 1 ⁄ 2 –3 in) long.
During the Triassic, central Virginia was a rift basin. [1] Brachiopods were still present in Virginia during the Mesozoic. [4] On land, the early Mesozoic plants of Virginia included Equisetales, gymnosperms, Cycadeles, cycads, and conifers. This flora is almost identical to that from contemporary deposits in North Carolina. [4]
Close-up view of Fraser fir foliage. Abies fraseri is a small evergreen coniferous tree typically growing between 30 and 50 ft (10 and 20 m) tall and rarely to 80 ft (20 m), with a trunk diameter of 16–20 in (41–51 cm), rarely 30 in (80 cm).