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Hydroxyproline is a major component of the protein collagen, [3] comprising roughly 13.5% of mammalian collagen. Hydroxyproline and proline play key roles for collagen stability. [4] They permit the sharp twisting of the collagen helix. [5]
Procollagen-proline dioxygenase catalyzes the following reaction: L-proline + alpha-ketoglutaric acid + O 2 → (2S, 4R)-4-hydroxyproline + succinate + CO 2. The mechanism for the reaction is similar to that of other dioxygenases, and occurs in two distinct stages: [3] In the first, a highly reactive Fe(IV)=O species is produced.
It is non-essential in humans, meaning the body can synthesize it from the non-essential amino acid L-glutamate. It is encoded by all the codons starting with CC (CCU, CCC, CCA, and CCG). Proline is the only proteinogenic amino acid which is a secondary amine , as the nitrogen atom is attached both to the α-carbon and to a chain of three ...
Hydroxylation improves water‐solubility, as well as affecting their structure and function. The most frequently hydroxylated amino acid residue in human proteins is proline . This is because collagen makes up about 25–35% of the protein in our bodies and contains a hydroxyproline at almost every 3rd residue in its amino acid sequence.
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the P4HA1 gene. [5] [6] This gene encodes a component of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, a key enzyme in collagen synthesis composed of two identical alpha subunits and two beta subunits. The encoded protein is one of several different types of alpha subunits and provides the ...
Two tyrosines separated by a single amino acid, typically valine or another tyrosine, form a short intra-molecular diphenylether crosslink. [11] This can be crosslinked further by the enzyme extensin peroxidase [12] [13] [14] to form an inter-molecular bridge between extensin molecules and thus form networks and sheets.
The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine:[Skp1-protein]-hydroxyproline N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-transferase. Other names in common use include Skp1-HyPro GlcNAc-transferase , UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc):hydroxyproline polypeptide , GlcNAc-transferase , UDP-GlcNAc:Skp1-hydroxyproline GlcNAc-transferase , and UDP ...
4-Hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase, mitochondrial (HOGA1) also known as dihydrodipicolinate synthase-like (DHDPSL) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the HOGA1 gene. The protein is one of the enzymes (4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase) involved in metabolism of hydroxyproline to glyoxylate. The enzyme overactivity can form excessive ...