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In the European Union, an Electronic Money Institution can be licensed in any country member but can act and provide services in all EU and EEA countries. [6] The legal basis for e-money issuance in the European Union is covered by EU Directive 2009/110/EC, on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions establishes, issued by the European ...
[4] Although, electronic payment systems have been part of American life since at least 1871 when Western Union "introduced money transfer" through the telegraph [5] and in 1914 "introduced the first consumer charge-card", virtual currencies differ from these digital payment structures because unlike traditional digital transfers of value ...
Digital currency can be denominated to a sovereign currency and issued by the issuer responsible to redeem digital money for cash. In that case, digital currency represents electronic money (e-money). Digital currency denominated in its own units of value or with decentralized or automatic issuance will be considered as a virtual currency.
The E-Money Directive or the electronic money directive (2009/110/EC, originally 2000/46/EC) regulates electronic payment systems in the European Union.The aim is to enable new and secure electronic money services and to foster effective competition between all market participants.
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The Electronic Money Association (EMA) is the trade body for electronic money issuers and innovative payment service providers including payment institutions, banks, and payment schemes. [1] It provides members with a forum to share their experiences and expertise around issues that impact new means of payment.
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Chaum started the company DigiCash in 1989 with "ecash" as its trademark. He raised $10 million from David Marquardt and by 1997 Nicholas Negroponte was its chairman. [4] Yet, in the United States, only one bank — the Mark Twain bank in Saint Louis, MO — implemented ecash, testing it as micropayment system; [5] Similar to credit cards, the system was free to purchasers, while merchants ...