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The plasma approximation: The plasma approximation applies when the plasma parameter Λ, [26] representing the number of charge carriers within the Debye sphere is much higher than unity. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] It can be readily shown that this criterion is equivalent to smallness of the ratio of the plasma electrostatic and thermal energy densities.
The plasma collisionality is defined as [4] [5] =, where denotes the electron-ion collision frequency, is the major radius of the plasma, is the inverse aspect-ratio, and is the safety factor. The plasma parameters m i {\displaystyle m_{\mathrm {i} }} and T i {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {i} }} denote, respectively, the mass and temperature of the ...
The Sun's corona, some types of flame, and stars are all examples of illuminated matter in the plasma state. Plasma is by far the most abundant of the four fundamental states, as 99% of all ordinary matter in the universe is plasma, as it composes all stars. [4] [5] [6]
Quark–gluon plasma: A phase in which quarks become free and able to move independently (rather than being perpetually bound into particles, or bound to each other in a quantum lock where exerting force adds energy and eventually solidifies into another quark) in an ocean of gluons (subatomic particles that transmit the strong force that binds ...
The blood plasma is then poured or drawn off. [5] For point-of-care testing applications, plasma can be extracted from whole blood via filtration [6] or via agglutination [7] to allow for rapid testing of specific biomarkers. Blood plasma has a density of approximately 1,025 kg/m 3 (1.025 g/ml). [8] Blood serum is blood plasma without clotting ...
Instead, plasma cells are identified through flow cytometry by their additional expression of CD138, CD78, and the Interleukin-6 receptor. In humans, CD27 is a good marker for plasma cells; naïve B cells are CD27−, memory B-cells are CD27+ and plasma cells are CD27++. [5] The surface antigen CD138 (syndecan-1) is expressed at high levels. [6]
A nonthermal plasma, cold plasma or non-equilibrium plasma is a plasma which is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, because the electron temperature is much hotter than the temperature of heavy species (ions and neutrals).
Hemorheology, also spelled haemorheology (haemo from Greek ‘αἷμα, haima 'blood'; and rheology, from Greek ῥέω rhéō, 'flow' and -λoγία, -logia 'study of'), or blood rheology, is the study of flow properties of blood and its elements of plasma and cells.