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Logs with a higher density than the density of water would sink. [2] Other logs would get caught in jams, sloughs, or floods, and become lodged in the riverbed. Such logs were often known as "sinkers" or "deadheads." Loggers attempted to reduce the number of logs which remained in the river in order to maximize profits, but some losses were ...
An example of ice cover reinforcement, where four layers of stacked wooden logs were frozen into the ice (in, [27] from a description provided in [17]). Ice crossings can be made to support higher loads if they are reinforced, and there are a number of ways this has been done in the past.
In the early days, felled logs were transported using simple methods such as rivers to float tree trunks downstream to sawmills or paper mills. This practice, known as log driving or timber rafting, was the cheapest and most common. Some logs, due to high resin content, would sink and were known as deadheads.
where is the gravitational constant; is the density of the sediment; is the density of water; is the sediment particle diameter (commonly assumed to be the median particle diameter, often referred to as in field studies); and is the molecular viscosity of water. The Stokes settling velocity can be thought of as the terminal velocity resulting ...
Ice jams usually occur in spring, but they can happen as winter sets in when the downstream part becomes frozen first. Freeze-up jams may be larger because the ice is stronger and temperatures are continuing to cool unlike a spring break-up when the environment is warming, but are less likely to suddenly release water. [8]
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Stratification in water is the formation in a body of water of relatively distinct and stable layers by density. It occurs in all water bodies where there is stable density variation with depth. Stratification is a barrier to the vertical mixing of water, which affects the exchange of heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients. [1]