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The following diagnostic systems and rating scales are used in psychiatry and clinical psychology.This list is by no means exhaustive or complete. For instance, in the category of depression, there are over two dozen depression rating scales that have been developed in the past eighty years.
A depression rating scale is a psychometric instrument (tool), usually a questionnaire whose wording has been validated with experimental evidence, having descriptive words and phrases that indicate the severity of depression for a time period. [1]
The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI and CDI2) is a psychological assessment that rates the severity of symptoms related to depression or dysthymic disorder in children and adolescents. [1] The CDI is a 27-item scale that is self-rated and symptom-oriented. [1] The assessment is now in its second edition.
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC) is a modified version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. This measure assesses both depressive symptoms as well as symptom improvement in a wide range of children and adolescents, ages 6–17. [ 3 ]
The total score on the SCAS is interpreted in different ways depending on the child's age and gender. On the child-reported SCAS for boys and girls ages 8–11, a total score of 50 +/− 10 is considered in the average range for anxiety. A T-score of 60 and above is indicative of sub-clinical or elevated levels of anxiety.
The Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) is a self-report screening questionnaire for anxiety disorders developed in 1997. [1] The SCARED is intended for youth, 9–18 years old, [1] and their parents to complete in about 10 minutes. [2] It can discriminate between depression and anxiety, as well as among distinct ...
There is also a substantial comorbidity rate with depression in children with anxiety disorder, conduct disorder, and impaired social functioning. [ 1 ] [ 29 ] Particularly, there is a high comorbidity rate with anxiety, ranging from 15.9% to 75%.
Watson and Clark (1991) proposed the Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression to help explain the comorbidity between anxious and depressive symptoms and disorders. [1] This model divides the symptoms of anxiety and depression into three groups: negative affect, positive affect and physiological hyperarousal.