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In terms of density, m = ρV, where ρ is the volumetric mass density, ... See note above about use in fuel cells. Hydrogen, gas (681 atm, 69 MPa, 25 °C) 141.86 (HHV)
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell [17] 1.62: Hydrazine decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.6: 1.6: Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as monopropellant) 1.4: 2.5: Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt: 1 [citation needed] 98% [18] Molecular spring approximate [citation needed] 1: battery, Lithium–Manganese [19] [20] 0.83-1.01: 1.98-2. ...
Fuel cells are also much cleaner than traditional power generation; a fuel cell power plant using natural gas as a hydrogen source would create less than one ounce of pollution (other than CO 2) for every 1,000 kW·h produced, compared to 25 pounds of pollutants generated by conventional combustion systems. [84]
With this approach, PEM fuel cells have been shown to be capable of cold start processes from −20°C. [8] 3. Light mass and high power density (transport applications) PEM fuel cells have been shown to be capable of high power densities up to 39.7 kW/kg, compared to 2.5 kW/kg for solid oxide fuel cells. [9]
Carbon dioxide has a molar mass of 44g/mol as it consists of 2 atoms of oxygen (16 g/mol) and 1 atom of carbon (12 g/mol). So 12 g of carbon yield 44 g of Carbon dioxide. Diesel has a density of 0.838 kg per liter. Putting everything together the mass of carbon dioxide that is produced by burning 1 liter of diesel can be calculated as:
Ragone plots can reveal information about gravimetric energy density, but do not convey details about volumetric energy density. The Ragone plot was first used to compare performance of batteries. [2] However, it is suitable for comparing any energy-storage devices, [3] as well as energy devices such as engines, gas turbines, and fuel cells. [4]
The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume ... (MBOP), the process equipment needed to provide steam, gas, and air to the fuel cell stack.
Energy density is sometimes more useful than specific energy for comparing fuels. For example, liquid hydrogen fuel has a higher specific energy (energy per unit mass) than gasoline does, but a much lower volumetric energy density. [citation needed]