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From 1800 to 1850, children made up 20-50% of the mining workforce. [1] In 1842, children made up over 25% of all mining workers. [2] Children made up 33% of factory workers. [2] In 1819, 4.5% of all cotton workers were under the age of 10 and 54.5% were under the age of 19. [7]
Children were still working in cotton mills throughout the 19th century and, while numerous acts of Parliament were introduced to cut down the hours and improve conditions, [8] those under the age of 14 were allowed to work in factories until the Education Act 1918 made attending school compulsory.
A Palestinian child labourer at the Kalya Junction, Lido beach, Delek petrol station, road 90 near the Dead Sea A child labourer in Dhaka, Bangladesh Child coal miners in Prussia, late 19th century A succession of laws on child labour, the Factory Acts, were passed in the UK in the 19th century.
Ranta, Judith A. Women and Children of the Mills: An Annotated Guide to Nineteenth-Century American Textile Factory Literature (Greenwood Press, 1999), Zonderman, David A. Aspirations and Anxieties: New England Workers and the Mechanized Factory System, 1815–1850 (Oxford University Press, 1992) Kirschbaum, S. (March 2005).
The last child to be indentured started work in 1841. Child labour, constituted over half of the labour force in the early decades of the mill's operation, according to Prof Hannah Barker, chair of Manchester Histories at the University of Manchester. "By 1833 apprentices made up only 20% of workforce at Styal, and in 1847 the apprentice system ...
A Roberts loom in a weaving shed in the United Kingdom in 1835. The nature of the Industrial Revolution's impact on living standards in Britain is debated among historians, with Charles Feinstein identifying detrimental impacts on British workers, whilst other historians, including Peter Lindert and Jeffrey Williamson claim the Industrial Revolution improved the living standards of British ...
Hine's photographs of child workers such as doffers were influential in driving reform of child employment laws in the United States, an early example of the power of photo journalism. [40] New laws were introduced, so that by 1914 very few children under 12 were working in the mills, and most were over 14.
The early acts concentrated on regulating the hours of work and moral welfare of young children employed in cotton mills but were effectively unenforced until the Factory Act 1833 established a professional Factory Inspectorate. The regulation of working hours was then extended to women by an act of Parliament in 1844.