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In the table below, the label "Undefined" represents a ratio : If the codomain of the trigonometric functions is taken to be the real numbers these entries are undefined , whereas if the codomain is taken to be the projectively extended real numbers , these entries take the value ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } (see division by zero ).
Similar right triangles illustrating the tangent and secant trigonometric functions Trigonometric functions and their reciprocals on the unit circle. The Pythagorean theorem applied to the blue triangle shows the identity 1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ, and applied to the red triangle shows that 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ.
Signs of trigonometric functions in each quadrant. All Students Take Calculus is a mnemonic for the sign of each trigonometric functions in each quadrant of the plane. The letters ASTC signify which of the trigonometric functions are positive, starting in the top right 1st quadrant and moving counterclockwise through quadrants 2 to 4.
[2] arg max – argument of the maximum. arg min – argument of the minimum. arsech – inverse hyperbolic secant function. arsinh – inverse hyperbolic sine function. artanh – inverse hyperbolic tangent function. a.s. – almost surely. atan2 – inverse tangent function with two arguments. (Also written as arctan2.) A.P. – arithmetic ...
If the logarithm of exsecant is calculated by looking up the secant in a six-place trigonometric table and then subtracting 1, the difference sec 1° − 1 ≈ 0.000 152 has only 3 significant digits, and after computing the logarithm only three digits are correct, log(sec 1° − 1) ≈ −3.81 8 156. [24]
Attempting to assign or use an undefined value within a particular formal system, may produce contradictory or meaningless results within that system. In practice, mathematicians may use the term undefined to warn that a particular calculation or property can produce mathematically inconsistent results, and therefore, it should be avoided. [2]
The path of the integral must not cross a branch cut. For z not on a branch cut, a straight line path from 0 to z is such a path. For z on a branch cut, the path must approach from Re[x] > 0 for the upper branch cut and from Re[x] < 0 for the lower branch cut. The arcsine function may then be defined as:
Even with a calculator or computer, round-off errors make it advisable to use the sin 2 formula for small θ. Another historical advantage of the versine is that it is always non-negative, so its logarithm is defined everywhere except for the single angle ( θ = 0, 2 π , …) where it is zero—thus, one could use logarithmic tables for ...