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In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones Arithmeticae , published in 1801.
If nothing is specified, the equation is rendered in the same display style as "block", but without using a new paragraph. If the equation does appear on a line by itself, it is not automatically indented. The sum = converges to 2. The next line-width is disturbed by large operators. Or: The sum
Hence another name is the group of primitive residue classes modulo n. In the theory of rings , a branch of abstract algebra , it is described as the group of units of the ring of integers modulo n .
Using a residue numeral system for arithmetic operations is also called multi-modular arithmetic. Multi-modular arithmetic is widely used for computation with large integers, typically in linear algebra, because it provides faster computation than with the usual numeral systems, even when the time for converting between numeral systems is taken ...
The congruence relation, modulo m, partitions the set of integers into m congruence classes. Operations of addition and multiplication can be defined on these m objects in the following way: To either add or multiply two congruence classes, first pick a representative (in any way) from each class, then perform the usual operation for integers on the two representatives and finally take the ...
In computing, the modulo operation returns the remainder or signed remainder of a division, after one number is divided by another, called the modulus of the operation. Given two positive numbers a and n , a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n ) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n , where a is the dividend and n is the divisor .
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