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This mode of ground failure, termed lateral spreading, is a principal cause of liquefaction-related earthquake damage. [43] Beams and pier columns diagonal cracking, 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Severely damaged building of Agriculture Development Bank of China after 2008 Sichuan earthquake: most of the beams and pier columns are sheared.
Following an earthquake event, S waves arrive at seismograph stations after the faster-moving P waves and displace the ground perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Depending on the propagational direction, the wave can take on different surface characteristics; for example, in the case of horizontally polarized S waves, the ground ...
Damage is considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures are thrown off-kilter. Damage is great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings are shifted off foundations. Liquefaction occurs. Underground pipes are broken. 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake, 2010 Yushu earthquake, and 2023 Al Haouz earthquake ...
As seen in the figure, a building has the potential to 'wave' back and forth during an earthquake (or even a severe wind storm). This is called the 'fundamental mode', and is the lowest frequency of building response. Most buildings, however, have higher modes of response, which are uniquely activated during earthquakes.
An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a previous earthquake, the mainshock. Rapid changes of stress between rocks, and the stress from the original earthquake are the main causes of these aftershocks, [35] along with the crust around the ruptured fault plane as it adjusts to the effects of the mainshock. [32]
The higher the class the more difficult it is to perform regular activity and the greater the expected damage is to buildings. In order to classify the intensity, the JMA looks at the maximum value of the absolute velocity response spectrum (Sva) with a damping constant of 5% over a period range from 1.6 to 7.8 seconds with calculation ...
LONDON — A powerful aftershock struck southern Turkey on Monday, in what has been a series of tremors to hit the region since the devastating 7.8-magnitude earthquake earlier this month.. The ...
Fig.2 : Site effects in Mexico city: recordings from the 1985 earthquake. Seismic site effects have been first evidenced during the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. [4] The earthquake epicenter was located along the Pacific Coast (several hundreds kilometers from Mexico-City), the seismic shaking was however extremely strong leading to very large damages.