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Old Javanese or Kawi is the oldest attested phase of the Javanese language. It was spoken in the central and eastern part of Java Island, what is now Central Java and East Java , Indonesia . As a literary language, Kawi was used across Java and on the islands of Madura , Bali , and Lombok .
In the words of Brazilian tupinologist Eduardo Navarro, "it is the classical indigenous language of Brazil, and the one which had the utmost importance to the cultural and spiritual formation of the country". [1] Old Tupi belongs to the Tupi–Guarani language family, and has a written history spanning
F. H. van Naerssen was born in Semarang, Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1904 and studied theology and Indonesian languages at Leiden University, Netherlands, earning a doctorate ("Dr. Ph. et Litt.") [3] in old Javanese epigraphy in 1941 under Nicolaas Johannes Krom, a Dutch epigrapher, archaeologist, historiographer and researcher into early Indonesian history and traditional culture.
Scholars of Javanese history have paid much attention to theoretical questions, aiming at a balanced evaluation of Javanese historiography next to Western historiography. In doing so they focused on Old and Modern Javanese sources, drawing both on written sources and archaeological and epigraphic material. The debate continues up to the present.
Javanese abugida. The Javanese language was formerly written with a script descended from the Brahmi script, natively known as Hanacaraka or Carakan. In addition, Javanese language can also written with right-to-left script descended from the Arabic script called Pegon. Upon Indonesian independence it was replaced with a form of the Latin alphabet.
The pre-Cabraline history of Brazil is the stage in Brazil's history before the arrival of Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500, [1] at a time when the region that is now Brazilian territory was occupied by thousands of indigenous peoples. Traditional prehistory is generally divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic ...
Taxes and fines were paid in cash. Javanese economy had been partly monetised since the late 8th century, using gold and silver coins. Previously, the 9th-century Wonoboyo hoard discovered in Central Java shows that ancient Javan gold coins were seed-shaped, similar to corn, while the silver coins were similar to buttons. In about the year 1300 ...
Brazil: The Once and Future Country (2nd ed. 1998), an interpretive synthesis of Brazil's history. Fausto, Boris, and Arthur Brakel. A Concise History of Brazil (Cambridge Concise Histories) (2nd ed. 2014) excerpt and text search; Garfield, Seth. In Search of the Amazon: Brazil, the United States, and the Nature of a Region. Durham: Duke ...