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Spike (S) glycoprotein (sometimes also called spike protein, [2] formerly known as E2 [3]) is the largest of the four major structural proteins found in coronaviruses. [4] The spike protein assembles into trimers that form large structures, called spikes or peplomers, [3] that project from the surface of the virion.
Transmission and life-cycle of SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19. Coronaviruses vary significantly in risk factor. Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, such as MERS-CoV, and some are relatively harmless, such as the common cold. [49] Coronaviruses can cause colds with major symptoms, such as fever, and a sore throat from swollen adenoids. [91]
Common side effects of COVID‑19 vaccines include soreness, redness, rash, inflammation at the injection site, fatigue, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), and arthralgia (joint pain), which resolve without medical treatment within a few days. [216] [217] COVID‑19 vaccination is safe for people who are pregnant or are breastfeeding. [218]
This variant of SARS-CoV-2 has been named lineage P.1 (although it is a descendant of B.1.1.28, the name B.1.1.28.1 [67] [127] is not permitted and thus the resultant name is P.1), and has 17 unique amino acid changes, 10 of which in its spike protein, including the three concerning mutations: N501Y, E484K and K417T.
Initial estimates of the basic reproduction number (R 0) for COVID-19 in January 2020 were between 1.4 and 2.5, [58] but a subsequent analysis claimed that it may be about 5.7 (with a 95 per cent confidence interval of 3.8 to 8.9). [59] In December 2021, the number of cases continued to climb due to several factors, including new COVID-19 variants.
Scanning electron micrograph of SARS virions. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-1. It causes an often severe illness and is marked initially by systemic symptoms of muscle pain, headache, and fever, followed in 2–14 days by the onset of respiratory symptoms, [13] mainly cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia.
Pandemics and their ends are not well-defined, and whether or not one has ended differs according to the definition used. As of 28 January 2025, COVID-19 has caused 7,083,856 [1] confirmed deaths, and 18.2 to 33.5 million estimated deaths. The COVID-19 pandemic ranks as the fifth-deadliest pandemic or epidemic in history. (Full article
The principal for obstetric management of COVID-19 include rapid detection, isolation, and testing, profound preventive measures, regular monitoring of fetus as well as of uterine contractions, peculiar case-to-case delivery planning based on severity of symptoms, and appropriate post-natal measures for preventing infection.