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Theory X is based on negative assumptions regarding the typical worker. This management style assumes that the typical worker has little ambition, avoids responsibility, and is individual-goal oriented. In general, Theory X style managers believe their employees are less intelligent, lazier, and work solely for a sustainable income.
This leadership style has been associated with lower productivity than both autocratic and democratic styles of leadership and with lower group member satisfaction than democratic leadership. [9] Some researchers have suggested that laissez-faire leadership can actually be considered non-leadership or leadership avoidance. [18]
High-commitment management is a management approach that focuses on fostering employee empowerment, personal responsibility, and decentralized decision-making at all levels of an organization. Unlike traditional hierarchical management styles, this approach distributes authority to encourage greater engagement and initiative among employees.
In the book The Human Side of Enterprise, McGregor identified an approach of creating an environment within which employees are motivated via authoritative direction and control or integration and self-control, which he called theory X and theory Y, [8] respectively. Having an attitude that workers generally lack motivation, enjoyment, and ...
The benevolent authoritative system uses less control over employees than the exploitative authoritative system, however, this system motivates employees through potential punishment and rewards. Lower-level employees are more involved in the decision-making processes, but are still limited by upper management.
A management style is the particular way managers go about accomplishing these objectives. It encompasses the way they make decisions, how they plan and organize work, and how they exercise authority. [2] Management styles varies by company, level of management, and even from person to person.
The McKinsey 7S Framework is a management model developed by business consultants Robert H. Waterman, Jr. and Tom Peters (who also developed the MBWA-- "Management By Walking Around" motif, and authored In Search of Excellence) in the 1980s. This was a strategic vision for groups, to include businesses, business units, and teams. The 7 S's are ...
Visionary leaders work from high-risk positions and seek out risky ventures, especially when the rewards are high (Rowe, 2001). Strategic Leadership in Education System Strategic leadership is defined by Barron, 1995 as practicing existing abilities and skills and influencing others to train in new formats for new leadership models.