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Computerized databases often include subroutines for calculating reaction properties and displaying the data as charts. Thermodynamic data comes from many types of experiments, such as calorimetry , phase equilibria , spectroscopy , composition measurements of chemical equilibrium mixtures, and emf measurements of reversible reactions.
As quoted from this source in an online version of: J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 4; Table 4.1, Electronic Configuration and Properties of the Elements Touloukian, Y. S., Thermophysical Properties of Matter, Vol. 12, Thermal Expansion, Plenum, New York, 1975.
Atomic number: (applies to individual atoms or pure elements) the number of protons in each nucleus; Relative atomic mass, a.k.a. atomic weight: (applies to individual isotopes or specific mixtures of isotopes of a given element) (no units) Standard atomic weight: the average relative atomic mass of a typical sample of the element (no units)
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The chemical elements can be broadly divided into metals, metalloids, and nonmetals according to their shared physical and chemical properties.All elemental metals have a shiny appearance (at least when freshly polished); are good conductors of heat and electricity; form alloys with other metallic elements; and have at least one basic oxide.
"Thermodynamic properties of 4 He. II. The bcc phase and the P-T and VT phase diagrams below 2 K". The bcc phase and the P-T and VT phase diagrams below 2 K". Journal of Low Temperature Physics .
J.A. Dean (ed), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th Edition), McGraw-Hill, 1999; Section 6, Thermodynamic Properties; Table 6.3, Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
The mechanical properties of iron and its alloys are extremely relevant to their structural applications. Those properties can be evaluated in various ways, including the Brinell test, the Rockwell test and the Vickers hardness test. The properties of pure iron are often used to calibrate measurements or to compare tests.