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C's offsetof() macro is an ANSI C library feature found in stddef.h. It evaluates to the offset (in bytes) of a given member within a struct or union type, an expression of type size_t . The offsetof() macro takes two parameters , the first being a structure or union name, and the second being the name of a subobject of the structure/union that ...
A code sanitizer is a programming tool that detects bugs in the form of undefined or suspicious behavior by a compiler inserting instrumentation code at runtime. The class of tools was first introduced by Google's AddressSanitizer (or ASan) of 2012, which uses directly mapped shadow memory to detect memory corruption such as buffer overflows or accesses to a dangling pointer (use-after-free).
Clang becomes default compiler in OpenBSD 6.6 on mips64. [59] 19 September 2019 Clang 9.0.0 released with official RISC-V target support. [60] 29 February 2020 Clang becomes the only C compiler in the FreeBSD base system, with the removal of GCC. [61] 24 March 2020 Clang 10.0.0 released: 2 April 2020: Clang becomes default compiler in OpenBSD 6 ...
32-bit compilers emit, respectively: _f _g@4 @h@4 In the stdcall and fastcall mangling schemes, the function is encoded as _name@X and @name@X respectively, where X is the number of bytes, in decimal, of the argument(s) in the parameter list (including those passed in registers, for fastcall).
The combination of the Clang frontend and LLVM backend is named Clang/LLVM or simply Clang. The name LLVM was originally an initialism for Low Level Virtual Machine . However, the LLVM project evolved into an umbrella project that has little relationship to what most current developers think of as a virtual machine .
Canaries or canary words or stack cookies are known values that are placed between a buffer and control data on the stack to monitor buffer overflows. When the buffer overflows, the first data to be corrupted will usually be the canary, and a failed verification of the canary data will therefore alert of an overflow, which can then be handled, for example, by invalidating the corrupted data.
The cdecl (which stands for C declaration) is a calling convention for the programming language C and is used by many C compilers for the x86 architecture. [1] In cdecl, subroutine arguments are passed on the stack.
This means that any overwritten return address will not be used until a later unwinding of the call stack. Another example of a machine-specific detail that can affect the choice of exploitation techniques is the fact that most RISC -style machine architectures will not allow unaligned access to memory. [ 8 ]