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Head and neck paraganglioma (HNPGL): There are various types of head and neck paraganglioma; they may have specialized names depending on the precise location. [ 9 ] Carotid paraganglioma ( carotid body tumor): Is the most common of the head and neck paragangliomas.
A paraganglion (pl. paraganglia) is a group of non-neuronal cells derived of the neural crest. They are named for being generally in close proximity to sympathetic ganglia . They are essentially of two types: (1) chromaffin or sympathetic paraganglia made of chromaffin cells and (2) nonchromaffin or parasympathetic paraganglia made of glomus ...
GP consist of three components (1) ganglion cells, (2) epithelioid cells (neuroendocrine-like), and (3) spindle cells (schwannoma-like). The microscopic differential diagnosis includes poorly differentiated carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumour and paraganglioma. [1] GPs may be sporadic or arise in the context neurofibromatosis type 1.
Glomus tumors are modified smooth muscle cells that control the thermoregulatory function of dermal glomus bodies. As stated above, these lesions should not be confused with paragangliomas, which were formerly also called glomus tumors in now-antiquated clinical usage. Glomus tumors do not arise from glomus cells, but paragangliomas do.
A zellballen is a small nest of chromaffin cells or chief cells with pale eosinophilic staining. Zellballen are separated into groups by segmenting bands of fibrovascular stroma, and are surrounded by supporting sustentacular cells. [1] A zellballen pattern is diagnostic for paraganglioma or pheochromocytoma. [2] Zellballen is German for "ball ...
It can be the source of paraganglioma. [8]The organ of Zuckerkandl is of pathological significance in the adult as a common extra-adrenal site of pheochromocytoma though the most common extra-adrenal site is in the superior para-aortic region between the diaphragm and lower renal poles.
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The criteria in 2024 included all patients with paraganglioma and all patients with unilateral pheochromocytoma aged under 60. [46] The most recent data indicates that there are 25 pheochromocytoma susceptibility genes; however, just 12 are recognized as part of a well-known syndrome. [ 9 ]