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A Turing machine that is able to simulate any other Turing machine is called a universal Turing machine (UTM, or simply a universal machine). Another mathematical formalism, lambda calculus, with a similar "universal" nature was introduced by Alonzo Church. Church's work intertwined with Turing's to form the basis for the Church–Turing thesis.
Ancient Greek technology developed during the 5th century BC, continuing up to and including the Roman period, and beyond. Inventions that are credited to the ancient Greeks include the gear, screw, rotary mills, bronze casting techniques, water clock, water organ, the torsion catapult, the use of steam to operate some experimental machines and ...
Alan Turing published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", which proposes the Turing test as a measure of machine intelligence and answered all of the most common objections to the proposal "machines can think". [54] Claude Shannon published a detailed analysis of chess playing as search. [55] Isaac Asimov published his Three Laws of ...
In 1936 Alan Turing published his seminal paper On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem [34] in which he modeled computation in terms of a one-dimensional storage tape, leading to the idea of the Universal Turing machine and Turing-complete systems. [citation needed]
Although published before the structure and role of DNA was understood, Turing's work on morphogenesis remains relevant today and is considered a seminal piece of work in mathematical biology. [148] One of the early applications of Turing's paper was the work by James Murray explaining spots and stripes on the fur of cats, large and small.
Turing defined the class of unorganized machines as largely random in their initial construction, but capable of being trained to perform particular tasks. Turing's unorganized machines were in fact very early examples of randomly connected, binary neural networks , and Turing claimed that these were the simplest possible model of the nervous ...
The Athenian Constitution: The Constitution of the Athenians (in ancient Greek Ἀθηναίων πολιτεία, Athenaion Politeia) describes the political system of ancient Athens. According to ancient sources, Aristotle compiled constitutions of 158 Greek states, of which the Constitution of the Athenians is the only one to survive intact.
The word automaton is the latinization of the Ancient Greek automaton (αὐτόματον), which means "acting of one's own will".It was first used by Homer to describe an automatic door opening, [2] or automatic movement of wheeled tripods. [3]