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  2. Ice rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rules

    In 1935, Linus Pauling used the ice rules to calculate the residual entropy (zero temperature entropy) of ice I h. [3] For this (and other) reasons the rules are sometimes mis-attributed and referred to as "Pauling's ice rules" (not to be confused with Pauling's rules for ionic crystals). A nice figure of the resulting structure can be found in ...

  3. Fluorine compounds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine_compounds

    The bond energy is significantly weaker than those of Cl 2 or Br 2 molecules and similar to the easily cleaved oxygen–oxygen bonds of peroxides or nitrogen–nitrogen bonds of hydrazines. [8] The covalent radius of fluorine of about 71 picometers found in F 2 molecules is significantly larger than that in other compounds because of this weak ...

  4. Fluorine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine

    2 and similar to the easily cleaved peroxide bond; this, along with high electronegativity, accounts for fluorine's easy dissociation, high reactivity, and strong bonds to non-fluorine atoms. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Conversely, bonds to other atoms are very strong because of fluorine's high electronegativity.

  5. Water cluster - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cluster

    Detailed water models predict the occurrence of water clusters, as configurations of water molecules whose total energy is a local minimum. [6] [7] [8] Of particular interest are the cyclic clusters (H 2 O) n; these have been predicted to exist for n = 3 to 60. [9] [10] [11] At low temperatures, nearly 50% of water molecules are included in ...

  6. Clathrate hydrate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_hydrate

    Methane clathrate block embedded in the sediment of hydrate ridge, off Oregon, USA. Clathrate hydrates, or gas hydrates, clathrates, or hydrates, are crystalline water-based solids physically resembling ice, in which small non-polar molecules (typically gases) or polar molecules with large hydrophobic moieties are trapped inside "cages" of hydrogen bonded, frozen water molecules.

  7. Phases of ice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_ice

    Water molecules in ice I h are surrounded by four semi-randomly directed hydrogen bonds. Such arrangements should change to the more ordered arrangement of hydrogen bonds found in ice XI at low temperatures, so long as localized proton hopping is sufficiently enabled; a process that becomes easier with increasing pressure. [104]

  8. 'Alien: Romulus' popcorn buckets to hit Cinemark, AMC ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/alien-romulus-popcorn-buckets-hit...

    Here's what we know about the Alien popcorn bucket. AMC Alien popcorn bucket. AMC will release a facehugger bucket on Thursday, Aug. 15, according to an AMC employee. View this post on Instagram.

  9. Dioxygen difluoride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioxygen_difluoride

    The O−O bond length is within 2 pm of the 120.7 pm distance for the O=O double bond in the dioxygen molecule, O 2 . Several bonding systems have been proposed to explain this, including an O−O triple bond with O−F single bonds destabilised and lengthened by repulsion between the lone pairs on the fluorine atoms and the π orbitals of the ...