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Stress may exist in the absence of external forces; such built-in stress is important, for example, in prestressed concrete and tempered glass. Stress may also be imposed on a material without the application of net forces , for example by changes in temperature or chemical composition, or by external electromagnetic fields (as in piezoelectric ...
The formula to calculate average shear stress τ or force per unit area is: [1] =, where F is the force applied and A is the cross-sectional area.. The area involved corresponds to the material face parallel to the applied force vector, i.e., with surface normal vector perpendicular to the force.
Consequently, compressive stress is expressed in units of force per unit area. Axial Stress. Thus, the formula for compressive stress is, = (/) Where: σ is the compressive stress, F is the force applied on the object, and A is its cross-sectional area.
Check the answers using the stress transformation formulas or the stress transformation law. Solution: Following the engineering mechanics sign convention for the physical space (Figure 5), the stress components for the material element in this example are: ′ =
The stress (or load, or deflection) the structure is expected to experience are known as the working, the design or limit stress. The limit stress, for example, is chosen to be some fraction of the yield strength of the material from which the structure is made. The ratio of the ultimate strength of the material to the allowable stress is ...
For example, in mechanical engineering and tribology, Hertzian contact stress is a description of the stress within mating parts. The Hertzian contact stress usually refers to the stress close to the area of contact between two spheres of different radii.
The classical example (and namesake) of hoop stress is the tension applied to the iron bands, or hoops, of a wooden barrel. In a straight, closed pipe , any force applied to the cylindrical pipe wall by a pressure differential will ultimately give rise to hoop stresses.
Plane stress typically occurs in thin flat plates that are acted upon only by load forces that are parallel to them. In certain situations, a gently curved thin plate may also be assumed to have plane stress for the purpose of stress analysis. This is the case, for example, of a thin-walled cylinder filled with a fluid under pressure.