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The Enoch calendar is an ancient calendar described in the pseudepigraphal Book of Enoch.It divided the year into four seasons of exactly 13 weeks. Each season consisted of two 30-day months followed by one 31-day month, with the 31st day ending the season, so that Enoch's year consisted of exactly 364 days.
He sought to do this by presenting mathematical proof based on the calendar found in the Book of Jubilees and the similar Enoch calendar in the Book of Enoch. The features of these calendars are a 364-day-year, [27] a seven-year cycle culminating in the Jubilee (year of the release), [28] and a particular arrangement of biblical Jewish holidays ...
fixed (364 days) — c. 1st century [citation needed] Second Temple Judaism: Description of a division of the year into 364 days, also mentioned in the pseudepigraphical Book of Enoch (the "Enoch calendar"). Coligny calendar: lunisolar: Gauls/Celts: Iron Age: Gauls/Celts
The year and each of its quarters starts on the same day, the fourth day of the week (Wednesday to us). This was the day when the sun was created in Genesis 1:14–18. However, the calendar as we know it is 364 days long, making it one and a quarter days short of a true year.
Jubilees insists (in Chapter 6) on a 364 day yearly calendar, made up of four quarters of 13 weeks each, rather than a year of 12 lunar months, which it says is off by 10 days per year (the actual number being about 11¼ days). It also insists on a "Double Sabbath" each year being counted as only one day to arrive at this computation.
The content of section A includes a discussion of the Jewish calendar describing a 364-day solar calendar that would replace the lunar calendar used by Temple priests. The lunar calendar caused certain Jewish festivals requiring harvests and sacrifices to fall on the Sabbath.
The calendar year has 13 months with 28 days each, divided into exactly 4 weeks (13 × 28 = 364). An extra day added as a holiday at the end of the year (after December 28, i.e. equal to December 31 Gregorian), sometimes called "Year Day", does not belong to any week and brings the total to 365 days.
A special case is the Icelandic calendar, developed in the 10th century: Inspired by the Julian calendar it introduced a purely solar reckoning with a year, having a fixed number of weeks (52 weeks or 364 days). This necessitated the introduction of "leap weeks" instead of Julian leap days.