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Alternatively pig iron may be made into steel (with up to about 2% carbon) or wrought iron (commercially pure iron). Various processes have been used for this, including finery forges, puddling furnaces, Bessemer converters, open hearth furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces, and electric arc furnaces. In all cases, the objective is to oxidize some or ...
An axe made of iron, dating from the Swedish Iron Age. The earliest smelted iron object from Europe is a knife blade from the Catacomb culture in present-day Ukraine, dated to c. 2500 BC. [49] During most of the Middle and Late Bronze Age in Europe, iron was present, though scarce.
There is evidence that iron was known from before 5000 BC. [15] The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC [16] and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons. [17]
There is evidence that iron was known from before 5000 BC. [14] The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the Iron Age around 1200 BC [15] and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons. [16]
4th century – Iron pillar of Delhi is the oldest surviving example of corrosion-resistant steel; 8th century – Porcelain is invented in Tang dynasty China; 8th century – Tin-glazing of ceramics invented by Muslim chemists and potters in Basra, Iraq [2]: 1 9th century – Stonepaste ceramics invented in Iraq [2]: 5
The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in the 13th century in China and are called "thunder-crash bombs", [360] coined during a Jin dynasty naval battle in 1231. [361]
The characteristic of an Iron Age culture is the mass production of tools and weapons made not just of found iron, but from smelted steel alloys with an added carbon content. [ citation needed ] Only with the capability of the production of carbon steel does ferrous metallurgy result in tools or weapons that are harder and lighter than bronze .
Iron working appears to have been invented by the Hittites in about 1200 BC, beginning the Iron Age. The secret of extracting and working iron was a key factor in the success of the Philistines. [8] [17]