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Low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are a class of highly efficient linear block codes made from many single parity check (SPC) codes. They can provide performance very close to the channel capacity (the theoretical maximum) using an iterated soft-decision decoding approach, at linear time complexity in terms of their block length.
See Hamming code for an example of an error-correcting code. Parity bit checking is used occasionally for transmitting ASCII characters, which have 7 bits, leaving the 8th bit as a parity bit. For example, the parity bit can be computed as follows. Assume Alice and Bob are communicating and Alice wants to send Bob the simple 4-bit message 1001.
For example, 1011 is encoded (using the non-systematic form of G at the start of this section) into 01 1 0 011 0 where blue digits are data; red digits are parity bits from the [7,4] Hamming code; and the green digit is the parity bit added by the [8,4] code. The green digit makes the parity of the [7,4] codewords even.
Formally, a parity check matrix H of a linear code C is a generator matrix of the dual code, C ⊥. This means that a codeword c is in C if and only if the matrix-vector product Hc ⊤ = 0 (some authors [1] would write this in an equivalent form, cH ⊤ = 0.) The rows of a parity check matrix are the coefficients of the parity check equations. [2]
Checksum schemes include parity bits, check digits, and longitudinal redundancy checks. Some checksum schemes, such as the Damm algorithm , the Luhn algorithm , and the Verhoeff algorithm , are specifically designed to detect errors commonly introduced by humans in writing down or remembering identification numbers.
For example, p 2 provides an even parity for bits 2, 3, 6, and 7. It also details which transmitted bit is covered by which parity bit by reading the column. For example, d 1 is covered by p 1 and p 2 but not p 3 This table will have a striking resemblance to the parity-check matrix (H) in the next section.
The simplest checksum algorithm is the so-called longitudinal parity check, which breaks the data into "words" with a fixed number n of bits, and then computes the bitwise exclusive or (XOR) of all those words. The result is appended to the message as an extra word.
The Delsarte–Goethals–Seidel [12] theorem illustrates an example of an application of shortened Reed–Solomon codes. In parallel to shortening, a technique known as puncturing allows omitting some of the encoded parity symbols.