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Acantholysis is the loss of intercellular connections, such as desmosomes, resulting in loss of cohesion between keratinocytes, [1] seen in diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris. [2] It is absent in bullous pemphigoid , making it useful for differential diagnosis .
No acanthosis or parakeratosis. Typical findings: [2] Mild to moderate spongiosis and exocytosis of inflammatory cells; Irregular acanthosis and parakeratosis. Superficial dermal perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate; Swelling of endothelial cells; Papillary dermal edema are present; Typical findings: [2] The spongiosis is mild to absent
Histopathological image of dyshidrotic dermatitis, showing focal spongiotic change in the epidermis. Spongiosis is mainly intercellular [1] edema (abnormal accumulation of fluid) in the epidermis, [2] and is characteristic of eczematous dermatitis, manifested clinically by intraepidermal vesicles (fluid-containing spaces), "juicy" papules, and/or lichenification. [3]
Acanthosis nigricans is a medical sign characterised by brown-to-black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin. [1] It is usually found in body folds, [ 2 ] such as the posterior and lateral folds of the neck , the armpits , groin , navel , forehead and other areas.
Acanthosis nigricans is a black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmented acanthosis, usually observed in the back of neck, axilla, and other folded regions of the skin. Focal epithelial hyperplasia (Heck's disease) is an asymptomatic, benign neoplastic condition characterized by multiple white to pinkish papules that occur diffusely in the oral ...
The skin weighs an average of four kilograms, covers an area of two square metres, and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. [1] The two main types of human skin are: glabrous skin, the hairless skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. [3]
The skin weighs an average of 4 kg (8.8 lb), covers an area of about 2 m 2 (22 sq ft), and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. [1] The two main types of human skin are glabrous skin, the nonhairy skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin. [16]
In the skin, this process leads to the abnormal replacement of annular squames with nucleated cells. Parakeratosis is associated with the thinning or loss of the granular layer and is usually seen in diseases of increased cell turnover, whether inflammatory or neoplastic. Parakeratosis is seen in the plaques of psoriasis and in dandruff.