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In this sense, peacebuilding includes a wide range of efforts by diverse actors in government and civil society at the community, national, and international levels to address the root causes of violence and ensure civilians have freedom from fear (negative peace), freedom from want (positive peace) and freedom from humiliation before, during ...
By the mid-1990s peace studies curricula in the United States had shifted "...from research and teaching about negative peace, the cessation of violence, to positive peace, the conditions that eliminate the causes of violence." [7] As a result, the topics had broadened enormously. By 1994, a review of course offerings in peace studies included ...
Shue further maintains that the negative and positive rights distinction can be harmful, because it may result in the neglect of necessary duties. [8] James P. Sterba makes similar criticisms. He holds that any right can be made to appear either positive or negative depending on the language used to define it. He writes:
The existing negative and positive feedbacks prevent a change to a state of peace. Confidence-building measures can change the properties of the system, increasing its dimensionality, so that in the higher dimensional system, positive feedback loops to resolve the conflict are able to overcome the negative feedbacks that tend to maintain the ...
Institutionalized racism and sexism are examples of this. Negative vs. positive peace – popularized the concept that peace may be more than just the absence of overt violent conflict (negative peace), and will likely include a range of relationships up to a state where nations (or any groupings in conflict) might have collaborative and ...
After stating that "the creation of the United Nations system itself, based upon universally shared values and goals, has been a major act towards transformation from a culture of war and violence to a culture of peace and non-violence", the UN General Assembly, in its resolution 52/13 of 20 November 1997, requested UNESCO to submit to its next session a draft declaration and programme of ...
1991–2004 Kurdish–Turkish peace initiatives; 1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire; 2009–2010 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire; 2013–2015 PKK–Turkey peace process; Northern Ireland peace process, efforts from ca. 1993 to end "the Troubles" Guatemalan Peace Process 1994-1996, successful process that ended the Guatemalan Civil War ...
James Page suggests peace education be thought of as "encouraging a commitment to peace as a settled disposition and enhancing the confidence of the individual as an individual agent of peace; as informing the student on the consequence of war and social injustice; as informing the student on the value of peaceful and just social structures and ...