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Philippine English also borrows words from Philippine languages, especially native plant and animal names (e.g. ampalaya and balimbing), and cultural concepts with no exact English equivalents such as kilig and bayanihan. Some borrowings from Philippine languages have entered mainstream English, such as abaca and ylang-ylang.
The UP Diksiyonaryong Filipino (UPDF; "UP Filipino Dictionary") is a series of monolingual Filipino dictionaries. The dictionaries were created by the Sentro ng Wikang Filipino of the University of the Philippines, with Virgilio S. Almario, National Artist for Literature and a professor at the University of the Philippines Diliman, as editor-in-chief.
The symbiosis is rendered more complex than just simple mutualism, both by the physiological discrepancy between language as an overall condition and the nature of individual ideas conveyed through language, as well as by the ecological difference between vertically and horizontally transmitted memes.
The definition of symbiosis was a matter of debate for 130 years. [7] In 1877, Albert Bernhard Frank used the term symbiosis to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. [8] [9] In 1878, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms".
Filipino (English: / ˌ f ɪ l ɪ ˈ p iː n oʊ / ⓘ, FIH-lih-PEE-noh; [1] Wikang Filipino, [ˈwi.kɐŋ fi.liˈpi.no̞]) is a language under the Austronesian language family.It is the national language (Wikang pambansa / Pambansang wika) of the Philippines, lingua franca (Karaniwang wika), and one of the two official languages (Wikang opisyal/Opisyal na wika) of the country, with English. [2]
The Filipino language incorporated Spanish loanwords as a result of 333 years of contact with the Spanish language. In their analysis of José Villa Panganiban's Talahuluganang Pilipino-Ingles (Pilipino-English dictionary), Llamzon and Thorpe (1972) pointed out that 33% of word root entries are of Spanish origin. As the aforementioned analysis ...
Philippine English is a rhotic accent mainly due to the influence of Philippine languages, which are the first language of most of its speakers. Another influence is the rhotic characteristic of American English , which became the longstanding standard in the archipelago since Americans introduced the language in public education.
There are two major modes of transmission for symbiotic bacteria. The first is horizontal transmission in which microbes are acquired from the environment and either the environment or the host population serves as the inoculum for the symbiosis. [7] An example of horizontal transmission is the deep sea tube worm and its symbiont. [7]