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This led to the spread of Moorish, African, and Christian slavery in Spain. By the 16th century, 7.4 percent of the population in Seville, Spain were slaves. Many historians have concluded that Renaissance and early-modern Spain had the highest amount of African slaves in Europe. [2] Spanish slavery can be traced to the Phoenician and Roman eras.
Las castas.Casta painting showing 16 racial groupings. Anonymous, 18th century, oil on canvas, 148×104 cm, Museo Nacional del Virreinato, Tepotzotlán, Mexico Casta (Spanish:) is a term which means "lineage" in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier.
The other castes were similarly further sub-classified by 19th-century and early-20th-century ethnographers based on numerous criteria ranging from profession, endogamy or exogamy or polygamy, and a host of other factors in a manner similar to castas in Spanish colonies such as Mexico, and caste system studies in British colonies such as India ...
On this consideration is based the common estimation of descent from a union of Indian and European or creole Spaniard." [ 7 ] In the early 21st century, the term castizo has also come to mean mixed-race people with light skin, in comparison to mulattos , pardos , cholos , moriscos and coyotes , who would be mixed-race people with darker skin.
Slavery also existed among Native Americans of both Meso-America and South America. The Crown attempted to limit the bondage of indigenous people, rejecting forms of slavery based on race. Conquistadors regarded indigenous forced labor and tribute as rewards for participation in the conquest and the Crown gave some conquerors encomiendas.
Slavery played a notable role in the economy of the Byzantine Empire. Many slaves were sourced from wars within the Mediterranean and Europe while others were sourced from trading with Vikings visiting the empire. Slavery's role in the economy and the power of slave owners slowly diminished while laws gradually improved the rights of slaves.
[13] Preparations for the Cerda expedition were stalled by the opposition of the Iberian monarchs – despite their formal concessions to Cerda's title, they did not facilitate the organization of his expedition. As a result, no expedition to the Canary islands was mounted before Luis de la Cerda's death on 5 July 1348.
"Wild Men" depicted on the facade of the Colegio de San Gregorio Church of San Pablo, adjacent to Colegio de San Gregorio.. The Valladolid debate (1550–1551 in Spanish La Junta de Valladolid or La Controversia de Valladolid) was the first moral debate in European history to discuss the rights and treatment of Indigenous people by European colonizers.