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Cybernetics is the transdisciplinary study of circular causal [1] processes such as feedback and recursion, where the effects of a system's actions (its outputs) return as inputs to that system, influencing subsequent action. [2]
A cybernetician or a cyberneticist is a person who applies cybernetics. Heinz von Foerster once told Stuart Umpleby that Norbert Wiener preferred the term "cybernetician" rather than "cyberneticist", perhaps because Wiener was a mathematician rather than a physicist.
Some see the definition of third and higher orders of cybernetics as a next step in the development of the discipline, but this has not won widespread acceptance. Attempts to define a third order of cybernetics have been concerned with embedding the participant observer of second-order cybernetics explicitly within broader social and/or ...
Cover. Psycho-Cybernetics is a self-help book written by American writer Maxwell Maltz in 1960. [1] Motivational and self-help experts in personal development, including Zig Ziglar, Tony Robbins, Brian Tracy have based their techniques on Maxwell Maltz.
William Ross Ashby was born in 1903 in London, where his father was working at an advertising agency. [4] From 1921 he studied at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he received his B.A. in 1924 and his M.B. and B.Ch. in 1928.
The cybernetician Heinz von Foerster formulated the principle of "order from noise" in 1960. [3] [4] It notes that self-organization is facilitated by random perturbations ("noise") that let the system explore a variety of states in its state space. This increases the chance that the system will arrive into the basin of a "strong" or "deep ...
The viable system model (VSM) by Stafford Beer. Management cybernetics is concerned with the application of cybernetics to management and organizations. "Management cybernetics" was first introduced by Stafford Beer in the late 1950s [1] and introduces the various mechanisms of self-regulation applied by and to organizational settings, as seen through a cybernetics perspective.
Warren Sturgis McCulloch (November 16, 1898 – September 24, 1969) was an American neuropsychologist and cybernetician known for his work on the foundation for certain brain theories and his contribution to the cybernetics movement. [1]