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Human genetic variants that likely cause dysregulation of critical meiotic processes have been identified in 14 female infertility associated genes. [53] A major cause of female infertility is premature ovarian insufficiency. [54] This insufficiency is a heterogeneous disease that affects about 1% of women who are under the age of 40. [54]
Approximately 20% of female infertility can be attributed to tubal causes. [1] Distal tubal obstruction (affecting the distal tubal opening (towards the ovary)) is typically associated with hydrosalpinx formation and often caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. [1] Pelvic adhesions may be associated with such an infection.
Male infertility is responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases, while 20–35% are due to female infertility, and 25–40% are due to combined problems in both partners. [29] [5] In 10–20% of cases, no cause is found. [5] The most common cause of female infertility are ovulation problems, usually manifested by scanty or absent menstrual ...
Tubal factors cause 25-30% of infertility cases. [1] Tubal factor is one complication of chlamydia trachomatis infection in women. [2] Sexually transmitted chlamydia and genital mycoplasma infections are preventable causes of infertility and negative pregnancy outcomes. When the infections progress and ascend, they can result in TFI.
During an infertility work-up a hysterosalpingogram, an X-ray procedure that uses a contrast agent to image the fallopian tubes, shows the retort-like shape of the distended tubes and the absence of spillage of the dye into the peritoneum. If, however, there is a tubal occlusion at the utero-tubal junction, a hydrosalpinx may go undetected.
Female fertility agents are medications that improve female’s ability to conceive pregnancy. These agents are prescribed for infertile female who fails to conceive pregnancy after 1-year of regular and unprotected sexual intercourse. [1] The following will cover the advancements of female fertility agents, major causes of female infertility.
In unexplained infertility abnormalities are likely to be present but not detected by current methods. Possible problems could be that the egg is not released at the optimum time for fertilization, that it may not enter the fallopian tube, sperm may not be able to reach the egg, fertilization may fail to occur, transport of the zygote may be disturbed, or implantation fails.
Epigenetic alterations of the aromatase-encoding gene (CYP19A1) may cause deregulation in cumulus cells in infertile women with endometriosis, leading to altered ovarian follicles and impaired oocyte quality. [17] For other unknown reasons, endometriosis is more likely to develop in infertile women, and thus be a secondary phenomenon. [21]