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A dopamine molecule consists of a catechol structure (a benzene ring with two hydroxyl side groups) with one amine group attached via an ethyl chain. [14] As such, dopamine is the simplest possible catecholamine, a family that also includes the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine. [15]
Schematic drawing of an elevated plus maze. The elevated plus maze (EPM) is a test measuring anxiety in laboratory animals that usually uses rodents as a screening test for putative anxiolytic or anxiogenic compounds and as a general research tool in neurobiological anxiety research such as PTSD and TBI. [1]
The dopamine neurons of the dopaminergic pathways synthesize and release the neurotransmitter dopamine. [2] [3] Enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and dopa decarboxylase are required for dopamine synthesis. [4] These enzymes are both produced in the cell bodies of dopamine neurons. Dopamine is stored in the cytoplasm and vesicles in axon terminals.
Physical illnesses, including hypothyroidism and mitochondrial disease, can also trigger depressive symptoms. [4] [5] Neural circuits implicated in depression include those involved in the generation and regulation of emotion, as well as in reward. Abnormalities are commonly found in the lateral prefrontal cortex whose putative function is ...
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
l-DOPA, also known as l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and used medically as levodopa, is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants [2] and animals, including humans. Humans, as well as a portion of the other animals that utilize l -DOPA, make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid l -tyrosine .
Homovanillic acid (HVA) is a major catecholamine metabolite that is produced by a consecutive action of monoamine oxidase and catechol-O-methyltransferase on dopamine. [1] Homovanillic acid is used as a reagent to detect oxidative enzymes , and is associated with dopamine levels in the brain .
6531 13162 Ensembl ENSG00000142319 ENSG00000276996 ENSMUSG00000021609 UniProt Q01959 Q61327 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001044 NM_010020 RefSeq (protein) NP_001035 NP_034150 Location (UCSC) Chr 5: 1.39 – 1.45 Mb Chr 13: 73.68 – 73.73 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse The dopamine transporter (DAT, also sodium-dependent dopamine transporter) is a membrane-spanning protein coded ...